• That science which enables us to draw conclusions about various phenomena on the basis of real data
collected on sample-basis
• A tool for data-based research
• Also known as Quantitative Analysis
• A lot of application in a wide variety of disciplines Agriculture, Anthropology, Astronomy, Biology,
Economic, Engineering, Environment, Geology, Genetics, Medicine, Physics, Psychology, Sociology,
Zoology …. Virtually every single subject from Anthropology to Zoology …. A to Z!
• Any scientific enquiry in which you would like to base your conclusions and decisions on real-life data, you
need to employ statistical techniques!
• Now a day, in the developed countries of the world, there is an active movement for of Statistical Literacy.
THE NATURE OF THIS DISCIPLINE
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
PROBABILITY
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
MEANINGS OF ‘STATISTICS’
The word “Statistics” which comes from the Latin words status, meaning a political state, originally meant information
useful to the state, for example, information about the sizes of population sand armed forces. But this word has now
acquired different meanings.
• In the first place, the word statistics refers to “numerical facts systematically arranged”. In this sense, the
word statistics is always used in plural. We have, for instance, statistics of prices, statistics of road accidents,
statistics of crimes, statistics of births, statistics of educational institutions, etc. In all these examples, the
word statistics denotes a set of numerical data in the respective fields. This is the meaning the man in the
street gives to the word Statistics and most people usually use the word data instead.
• In the second place, the word statistics is defined as a discipline that includes procedures and techniques used
to collect process and analyze numerical data to make inferences and to research decisions in the face of
collected on sample-basis
• A tool for data-based research
• Also known as Quantitative Analysis
• A lot of application in a wide variety of disciplines Agriculture, Anthropology, Astronomy, Biology,
Economic, Engineering, Environment, Geology, Genetics, Medicine, Physics, Psychology, Sociology,
Zoology …. Virtually every single subject from Anthropology to Zoology …. A to Z!
• Any scientific enquiry in which you would like to base your conclusions and decisions on real-life data, you
need to employ statistical techniques!
• Now a day, in the developed countries of the world, there is an active movement for of Statistical Literacy.
THE NATURE OF THIS DISCIPLINE
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
PROBABILITY
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
MEANINGS OF ‘STATISTICS’
The word “Statistics” which comes from the Latin words status, meaning a political state, originally meant information
useful to the state, for example, information about the sizes of population sand armed forces. But this word has now
acquired different meanings.
• In the first place, the word statistics refers to “numerical facts systematically arranged”. In this sense, the
word statistics is always used in plural. We have, for instance, statistics of prices, statistics of road accidents,
statistics of crimes, statistics of births, statistics of educational institutions, etc. In all these examples, the
word statistics denotes a set of numerical data in the respective fields. This is the meaning the man in the
street gives to the word Statistics and most people usually use the word data instead.
• In the second place, the word statistics is defined as a discipline that includes procedures and techniques used
to collect process and analyze numerical data to make inferences and to research decisions in the face of
uncertainty. It should of course be borne in mind that uncertainty does not imply ignorance but it refers to the
incompleteness and the instability of data available. In this sense, the word statistics is used in the singular.
As it embodies more of less all stages of the general process of learning, sometimes called scientific method,
statistics is characterized as a science. Thus the word statistics used in the plural refers to a set of numerical
information and in the singular, denotes the science of basing decision on numerical data. It should be noted
that statistics as a subject is mathematical in character.
• Thirdly, the word statistics are numerical quantities calculated from sample observations; a single quantity
that has been so collected is called a statistic. The mean of a sample for instance is a statistic. The word
statistics is plural when used in this sense.
incompleteness and the instability of data available. In this sense, the word statistics is used in the singular.
As it embodies more of less all stages of the general process of learning, sometimes called scientific method,
statistics is characterized as a science. Thus the word statistics used in the plural refers to a set of numerical
information and in the singular, denotes the science of basing decision on numerical data. It should be noted
that statistics as a subject is mathematical in character.
• Thirdly, the word statistics are numerical quantities calculated from sample observations; a single quantity
that has been so collected is called a statistic. The mean of a sample for instance is a statistic. The word
statistics is plural when used in this sense.
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